1. Imvelo ye-UN: Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamazwe ayinazo izindinganiso ezisemthethweni zekhwalithi yomoya wangaphandle
I-United Nations Environment Programme isho embikweni wokuhlola oshicilelwe namuhla ukuthi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamazwe omhlaba ayizange imemezele noma yiziphi izindinganiso zekhwalithi yomoya yangaphandle (ezungezile) ephoqelelwe ngokomthetho.Lapho kukhona imithetho nezimiso ezinjalo, izindinganiso ezifanele ziyehluka kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile azihambisani neziqondiso ze-World Health Organization.Ngaphezu kwalokho, okungenani amazwe angama-31% akwazi ukwethula amazinga anjalo ekhwalithi yomoya wangaphandle awakawamukeli noma yimaphi amazinga.
I-UNEP “Yokulawula Ikhwalithi Yomoya: Ukuhlolwa Komthetho Wokuqala Wokungcoliswa Komoya Womhlaba Wonke” yakhishwa ngobusuku bangaphambi Kosuku Lwamazwe Ngamazwe Oluhlanzekile Lomoya Oluhlaza Oluhlaza.Umbiko ubuyekeze umthetho wekhwalithi yomoya wamazwe angu-194 kanye ne-European Union, futhi wahlola zonke izici zohlaka lwezomthetho nezikhungo.Linganisa ukusebenza kwemithetho efanele ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinga lomoya liyahlangabezana namazinga.Lo mbiko ufingqa izici ezibalulekile okufanele zifakwe kumodeli yokuphatha ikhwalithi yomoya ephelele okufanele icatshangwe emthethweni kazwelonke, futhi unikeza isisekelo sesivumelwano somhlaba wonke esikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamazinga ekhwalithi yomoya yangaphandle.
Usongo lwezempilo
Ukungcoliswa komoya kukhonjwe yi-WHO njengengozi eyodwa yendawo ezungezile ebeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yabantu.U-92% wabantu bomhlaba uhlala ezindaweni lapho amazinga okungcoliswa komoya edlula imingcele ephephile.Phakathi kwabo, abesifazane, izingane kanye nabantu asebekhulile emazweni anemali ephansi bayahlupheka.Ucwaningo lwakamuva luphinde lwabonisa ukuthi kungase kube nokuhlobana phakathi kwamathuba okutheleleka okusha komqhele nokungcoliswa komoya.
Umbiko uveze ukuthi nakuba i-WHO ikhiphe imihlahlandlela yekhwalithi yomoya yemvelo (yangaphandle), alukho uhlaka lwezomthetho oludidiyelwe noluhlangene lokuqalisa le mihlahlandlela.Okungenani emazweni angama-34%, ikhwalithi yomoya wangaphandle ayikavikelwa umthetho.Ngisho nalawo mazwe afake imithetho efanele, izindinganiso ezifanele zinzima ukuqhathanisa: 49% wamazwe emhlabeni achaza ngokuphelele ukungcoliswa komoya njengosongo lwangaphandle, ukumbozwa kwendawo kwamazinga ekhwalithi yomoya kuyahlukahluka, futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye yamazwe. vumela ukuchezuka kumazinga afanele.ejwayelekile.
Inde indlela okufanele uhambe
Umbiko uveze ukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo wesistimu wokuzuza amazinga ekhwalithi yomoya emhlabeni wonke nawo ubuthakathaka kakhulu—ama-33% kuphela amazwe enza ukuthobela ikhwalithi yomoya kube yisibopho esingokomthetho.Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya kubalulekile ukuze kwaziwe ukuthi amazinga ayafinyelelwa yini, kodwa okungenani amazwe/izifunda ezingama-37% azinazo izidingo ezingokomthetho zokuqapha ikhwalithi yomoya.Okokugcina, nakuba ukungcoliswa komoya kungenayo imingcele, amazwe angama-31% kuphela anezinqubo ezingokomthetho zokubhekana nokungcoliswa komoya owela imingcele.
U-Inger Andersen, uMqondisi Omkhulu we-United Nations Environment Programme, wathi: “Uma singathathi noma yiziphi izinyathelo zokumisa futhi siguqule isimo esikhona sokuthi ukungcoliswa komoya kubangela ukufa kwabantu ngaphambi kwesikhathi abayizigidi ezingu-7 minyaka yonke, ngo-2050, leli nani lingase libe khona.Kunyuke ngo-50%.
Lo mbiko udinga amazwe engeziwe ukuthi ethule imithetho nemithethonqubo eqinile yekhwalithi yomoya, okuhlanganisa ukubhala izindinganiso zokungcoliswa komoya ngaphakathi nangaphandle zibe yimithetho, ukuthuthukisa izindlela zomthetho zokuqapha izinga lomoya, ukwandisa ukukhanya, ukuqinisa kakhulu izinhlelo zokugcinwa komthetho, kanye nokwenza ngcono izimpendulo kuzwelonke nakuzwelonke. Izinqubo zokuxhumanisa inqubomgomo kanye nemithetho yokungcoliswa komoya owela imingcele.
2. UNEP: Iningi lezimoto ezingamasekeni ezithunyelwa emazweni asathuthuka zingcolisa izimoto.
Umbiko okhishwe namuhla yi-United Nations Environment Programme uveze ukuthi izigidi zezimoto ezingamasekeni, amaveni namabhasi amancane athunyelwa emazweni asathuthuka esuka e-Europe, e-United States nase-Japan ajwayele ukungabi sezingeni eliphansi, okungagcini nje ngokuholela ekungcoleni komoya. , kodwa futhi ivimbela Imizamo yokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.Lo mbiko unxusa wonke amazwe ukuthi agcwalise izikhala ezikhona njengamanje zenqubomgomo, ahlanganise izinga eliphansi lezindinganiso zezimoto ezingamasekeni, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izimoto ezingamasekeni ezivela kwamanye amazwe zihlanzekile futhi ziphephe ngokwanele.
Lo mbiko, onesihloko esithi “Izimoto Ezisetshenzisiwe kanye Nemvelo-Ukubuka Komhlaba Wonke Kwezimoto Ezilula Ezisetshenzisiwe: Ukugeleza, Isikali, Nezimiso”, umbiko wokuqala wocwaningo owake washicilelwa emakethe yezimoto ezisetshenzisiwe emhlabeni jikelele.
Lo mbiko ukhombisa ukuthi phakathi konyaka wezi-2015 nowezi-2018, sekuthunyelwe izimoto ezingamasekeni eziyizigidi eziyi-14 emhlabeni jikelele.Kulawa, ama-80% aya emazweni anemali engenayo ephansi naphakathi, kanti angaphezu kwesigamu aya e-Afrika.
Umqondisi Omkhulu we-UNEP u-Inger Andersen uthe ukuhlanza nokuhlela kabusha imikhumbi yomhlaba wonke kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wokufeza ikhwalithi yomoya yomhlaba wonke neyendawo kanye nezinjongo zesimo sezulu.Eminyakeni edlule ziye zanda izimoto ezingamasekeni ezithunyelwa emazweni asathuthuka zisuka emazweni asathuthuka, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuhwebelana okuhlobene nakho akulawuleki, iningi lazo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe yizimoto ezingcolisa umzimba.
Ugcizelele ukuthi ukungabi bikho kwemigomo nemithetho esebenzayo yikhona okuyimbangela enkulu yokulahlwa kwezimoto ezingasasetshenziswa, ezingcolisayo nezingaphephile.Amazwe athuthukile kumele ayeke ukuthumela ngaphandle izimoto ezingazange ziphumelele ukuhlolwa kwawo kwemvelo nokuphepha futhi ezingasakufanele ukushayela emigwaqeni, kuyilapho amazwe angenisa kwamanye amazwe kufanele ethule izindinganiso eziqinile zekhwalithi.
Umbiko uveze ukuthi ukukhula ngesivinini kobunikazi bezimoto yikho okudala ukungcoliswa komoya nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.Emhlabeni jikelele, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioxide okuhlobene namandla okuvela emkhakheni wezokuthutha kufinyelela cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yenani elikhishwa umhlaba wonke.Ngokukhethekile, ukungcola okufana ne-fine particulate matter (PM2.5) nama-nitrogen oxides (NOx) akhishwa izimoto kuyimithombo eyinhloko yokunukubezeka komoya wasemadolobheni.
Lo mbiko usekelwe ekuhlaziyeni okujulile kwamazwe angu-146, futhi kwatholakala ukuthi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zinezinga "elibuthakathaka" noma "elibuthakathaka kakhulu" lezinqubomgomo zokulawula ukungeniswa kwezimoto ezingamasekeni.
Lo mbiko uphinde waveza ukuthi amazwe asebenzise izindlela zokulawula (ikakhulukazi ubudala bezimoto kanye namazinga okukhishwa kwegesi) ekuthengisweni kwezimoto ezingamasekeni angathola izimoto ezingamasekeni eziseqophelweni eliphezulu okuhlanganisa izimoto ezixubile nezikagesi ngamanani akholekayo.
Lo mbiko uveze ukuthi ngesikhathi socwaningo amazwe ase-Afrika athenge izimoto eziningi ezisetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe (40%), alandelwe yi-Eastern Europe (24%), Asia-Pacific (15%), Middle East (12%). Amazwe aseLatin America (9%).
Umbiko uveze ukuthi izimoto ezingamasekeni ezisezingeni eliphansi zizodala nezingozi eziningi zomgwaqo.Amazwe anjengeMalawi, iNigeria, iZimbabwe, neBurundi asebenzisa imithetho “ebuthaka kakhulu” noma “ebuthakathaka” yezimoto ezingamasekeni aphinde abe nokufa kwabantu abaningi emgwaqeni.Emazweni asungule futhi asebenzisa ngokuqinile imithetho yezimoto ezingamasekeni, izimoto zasekhaya zinesici sokuphepha esiphezulu kanye nezingozi ezimbalwa.
Ngokusekelwa yi-United Nations Road Safety Trust Fund kanye nezinye izinhlaka, i-UNEP ikhuthaze ukwethulwa kohlelo olusha olugxile ekwethuleni amazinga aphansi ezimoto ezisetshenziswayo.Njengamanje lolu hlelo lugxile e-Afrika kuqala.Amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika (okuhlanganisa i-Morocco, i-Algeria, i-Côte d'Ivoire, iGhana ne-Mauritius) asungule izindinganiso ezisezingeni eliphansi, futhi amazwe amaningi abonise intshisekelo yokujoyina lolu hlelo.
Umbiko uveze ukuthi kusadingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucacisa ngomthelela wokuhweba ngezimoto ezisetshenzisiwe, okuhlanganisa nomthelela wezimoto ezisetshenziswa kanzima.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-25-2021